نام فایل : Description

فرمت : .doc

تعداد صفحه/اسلاید : 3

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Description

ersonality is what makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon after birth. A childs personality has several components: temperament, environment, and character. Temperament is the set of genetically determined traits that determine the childs approach to the world and how the child learns about the world. There are no genes that specify personality traits, but some genes do control the development of the nervous system, which in turn controls behavior.
A second component of personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a childs specific environment. Most psychologists agree that these two factors—temperament and environment—influence the development of a persons personality the most. Temperament, with its dependence on genetic factors, is sometimes referred to as "nature," while the environmental factors are called "nurture."
While there is still controversy as to which factor ranks higher in affecting personality development, all experts agree that high-quality parenting plays a critical role in the development of a childs personality. When parents understand how their child responds to certain situations, they can anticipate issues that might be problematic for their child. They can prepare the child for the situation or in some cases they may avoid a potentially difficult situation altogether. Parents who know how to adapt their parenting approach to the particular temperament of their child can best provide guidance and ensure the successful development of their childs personality.
Finally, the third component of personality is character—the set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned from experience that determines how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. A persons character continues to evolve throughout life, although much depends on inborn traits and early experiences. Character is also dependent on a persons
moral development
.
In 1956, psychiatrist Erik Erikson provided an insightful description as to how personality develops based on his extensive experience in psychotherapy with children and adolescents from low, upper, and middle-class backgrounds. According to Erikson, the socialization process of an individual consists of eight phases, each one accompanied by a "psychosocial crisis" that must be solved if the person is to manage the next and subsequent phases satisfactorily. The stages significantly influence personality development, with five of them occurring during infancy, childhood, and
adolescence
.
Infancy
During the first two years of life, an infant goes through the first stage:
Learning Basic Trust or Mistrust (Hope)
. Well-nurtured and loved, the infant develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, the infant becomes insecure and learns "basic mistrust."
Toddlerhood
The second stage occurs during early childhood, between about 18 months to two years and three to four years of age. It deals with
Learning Autonomy or Shame (Will)
. Well-parented, the child emerges from this stage with self-confidence, elated with his or her newly found control. The early part of this stage can also include stormy
tantrums
...